Finding the Origins of 18th Century Emigrants From Southern Germany
Friedrich R. Wollmershäuser

Summary of contents:

I. Where are 18th-century emigrants recorded?
II. Printed compilations of emigrants.
III. Some words about methodology.
IV. German censuses may help.
V. Some more words about methodology.

I. Where are 18th-century emigrants recorded?

In the eighteenth century many south Germans left their homes to seek better living conditions in the Prussian provinces, in southeast Europe, in Russia, and in America (1). Today many descendants of these emigrants are searching for the original homes of their ancestors (2). This lecture will provide some indications on how these often hopeless-seeming cases can be solved.

An eighteenth-century German emigrant frequently left numerous documentary traces behind him, above all in the following sources:

1. In the parish registers of his original home community
2. In additional sources there, for example in court records and tax lists
3. In the files of the authority responsible for manumitting him from ties of subjection or serfdom
4. In land-transaction records (if he sold his property before emigrating) and in yearly government accounts (if he had to pay a removing duty called Abzug or Nachsteuer)
5. In lists of emigrants, generally made for statistical purposes
6. In the parish registers of places along his route, if he married, baptized a child, or buried a family member on his journey
7. In transmigrant- and passengers-lists
8. In settlement-, naturalization-, land-grant- and other records of his new country
9. In the parish registers and sometimes the newspapers of his new home
10. In his family bible or in letters to his relatives in the old country
11. In inheritance records, advertisements for heirs, or declarations of death in his country of origin
12. On his gravestone

In most of the documents of his country of origin the fact that he emigrated will not be mentioned. Only occasionally does one find in the parish registers remarks such as 'migravit in Pennsylvaniam', and public accounts and emigrant lists do not always include the emigrant's intended destination, which is in any case no indication of where he finally settled. Similarly, in the place where he settled his place of origin is often not at all or only imprecisely noted:

If the emigrant's place of origin is not at all, or only imprecisely, noted in his new country, then although documents relevant to him and his ancestors are probably 'somewhere' to be found, in order to find them, one must first know approximately in what places to begin looking.

II. Printed compilations of emigrants.

To aid us in this dilemma we possess numerous lists of emigrants, published in this century, which rely on local or regional sources (3). In 1928 Adolf Gerber published a collection of entries referring to emigrants from Württemberg parish registers (4).

In 1932, Otto Langguth published with a booklet about immigrants to and emigrants from the County of Wertheim (5). In 1935 Max Miller followed with a study of Württemberg emigrants to West Prussia and the Notec dictrict (5), and in 1939 appeared Hermann Roemer's work on emigration to Galicia (6).

After the Second World War Werner Hacker indefatigably collected and published some 40,000 cases of emigration, including approximately 120,000 individuals, from many Baden and Württemberg sources (7). In 1961 Erich Weise published a list of Swabian settlers (mostly from Württemberg) in the district of Poznan (8).

For what is now Bavaria, Johannes Hack (in 1938) and Alfons Pfrenzinger (in 1941) published lists of emigrants from Franconia (9).

Local studies of emigration from the districts of (Markt) Oberdorf (10), Benediktbeuren (11) and Rettenberg (12) are also available.

Sources on migrants are particularly rich in that traditional immigration- and emigration-land, the Palatinate; a guide to documents in Palatine state archives relevant to emigration was published in 1976 (13). The Institut für pfälzische Landes- und Volkskunde (formerly called 'Heimatstelle Pfalz')(13) association has for decades gathered information on migrants to and from the Palatine, and publishes the series 'Schriften zur Wanderungsgeschichte der Pfälzer'.

The eigtheenth-century emigrants to southeast Europe in the card index maintained by the 'Heimatstelle Pfalz' have been published by Stefan Stader (14). Emigrants to Banat from what is now the Saarland were collected by Karl Waldner (15). For what is nowadays Hesse we have numerous published lists of emigrants to Hungary (16), East Prussia (17) and America (18).

American authors have been trying to undertake research on emigrants origins by an evaluation of sources on both sides of the ocean. The results are breakthrough studies by Henry Z. Jones on the emigrants of 1709/1710, and of Annette K. Burgert on 18th-century emigrants from various German areas (19).

In addition to sources in the places of origin and destination, numerous entries from the parish registers of places along their outward route have been collected and published: for emigrants to Russia who passed through Lübeck and Rosslau (20); for emigrants to Hungary passing through Ulm (21), Günzburg (22), Donauwörth (23), Vienna (24) and possibly Bratislava (25); for people on their way to America unfortunately only the London parish registers for 1709 to 1711 have been published (26). A survey of the parish registers along the Rhine from Heilbronn to Rotterdam, and of those in Cowes and London, could yield priceless information about German emigrants, as could the publication of accidental discoveries of references in other sorts of documents.

Of mayor importance are passenger- and transmigrant-lists. For America before 1800 we have such list only for New York 1709-1711 (27) and for the port of Philadelphia from 1727 to 1808 (28). The latter contain the names of many immigrants not only to Pennsylvania, but also to Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. A general index to these and many other emigration-, immigration- and naturalization- lists relevant to America from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries has recently been published (29).

Of similar value are the Viennese transmigrant-lists which were published between 1932 and 1936 (30). Some imperfections in the publication were pointed out by Hacker in 1975 (31). The archives in Vienna also contain many more documents relevant to the history of settlement in southeast Europe (32).

Lists of German immigrants onto Russia were published in the sometimes questionable work of Karl Stumpp (33), the sources for which are today largely inaccessible.

Several very praiseworthy projects have aimed at covering all immigrants during a given period from a given country. There are also some even larger projects: the 'Donauschwäbische Gesamtkartei` aims to list all settlers in the areas of German settlement in Hungary after 1717 (34); or a research project on German immigration into Nova Scotia from 1750 to 1752 deserves to be mentioned (35).

III. Some words about methodology.

Having surveyed the published emigration lists at our disposal, I would now like to say a few words about methodology. One's first task is to bring together all details about the settler that an exhaustive search of all known sources will yield: surname and first names, including those of other family members, age, occupation, year of immigration, etc. Then one tries, with the help of the abovementioned literature, to localize his community of origin.

If this doesn't work, one should by no means throw in the towel. It has been shown again and again (35) that eighteenth-century German emigration was a group-phenomenon: friends or relatives left the community together, travelled together, and often settled near one another in their new country. At this point in the investigation one tries to reconstruct these groups at the place of settlement.

If one knows the place of origin of one or more of these persons, then one has a clue about the origin of the other travelers. The names of other fellow-emigrants appearing on the same passenger- or transmigrant-list are also very helpful, since many passengers on the same ship came from the same area (36).

Of course one ought not to overstress this concept and assume that all passengers on a ship came from an area which is known to be the origin of a few of them. It is also suggested not to trust too much in the areas of origin given in the headings of the passenger lists.

VI. German censuses may help.

I have found the rich files of population lists that survive for parts of southern Germany very useful for investigating emigrants' origins. These tax-, oath-of-allegiance-, census- and other lists are basically available for many of the larger territories, such as (37):

1. Baden-Baden (38): Lists of those taking the oath of allegiance 1765. Lists of inhabitants of the Vordere Grafschaft Sponheim district 1701 and 1765.
2. Baden-Durlach (39): Oath-of-allegiance-list 1709; lists of inhabitants of Durlach 1729 and Karlsruhe 1736; oath-of-allegiance-lists 1738.
3. Bavaria (Electorate) (40): Numerous tax-registers for 1692, 1721, 1755, 1760 and 1775.
4. Brandenburg-Ansbach (41): Oath-of-allegiance-lists for 1603, 1625, 1673, 1686, 1695, 1703, 1719, 1723, and 1729.
5. Hesse-Darmstadt (42): Oath-of-allegiance-lists for 1696 and further incomplete lists until 1776.
6. Limpurg-Obersontheim (43): Many lists of names from 1581 to 1803.
7. Austrian possessions in Anterior Austria (Vorderösterreich) (44): An oath-of-allegiance-lists of 1717.
8. The Palatinate (Electorate) (45): For the areas east of the Rhine oath-of-allegiance-lists for 1685/90, 1717 and 1744/50; for the areas west of the Rhine the tax-registers for 1721 (partially lost in the last war) and numerous other lists.
9. The Danube Canton of the Swabian Imperial Knight (46): Survey roll of all property holdings of the subjects for 1722.
10. Württemberg (Duchy) (47): Oath-of-allegiance-lists for 1674/78, 1734/36 and 1744 (all incomplete). The name indexes to council minutes are also very helpful.
11. Zweibrücken (Duchy) (48): Oath-of-allegiance-lists for 1731 (only for the county of Zweibrücken) and 1776 (for the whole duchy).
12. Eichstätt (Archbishoprice) (49): Lists of the 'souls' in the counties of Hirschberg-Beilngries, Landvogtei and Stadtrichteramt for 1741/42; and a member of additional population lists.
13. Mainz (Archbishoprice), and
14. Würzburg (Archbishoprice) (50): Numerous oath-of-allegiance-lists from the 17th and 18th centuries.
15. Ellwangen (Monastery) (51): Annual or almost annual tax-registers of the 18th century, listing all inhabitants.

Of course it is not feasible to spend months in German archives just reading 18th-century censuses. One either needs an overall index to the lists (which I have partially prepared) or some type of preliminary information on possible origins of the emigrant.

V. Some more words about methodology.

If the family name is rare, one can use genealogical literature and German telephone-books to localize one's ancestors geographically.

Another effective source to learn the occurrence areas of a name is the International Genealogical Index (IGI).

After pinpointing the appearance of such a rare name to a small area, one may check the censuses for this region. Optionally, one may perform an area search of the parish registers of that neighborhood, or search through records (e. g. annual accounts) where emigration cases are listed.

Before doing so, it is recommended to make sure about the historical geography. Before the 1770s, emigrants to America almost solely came from protestant areas and emigrants to Hungary mainly from Catholic areas. As the most of the inhabitants of one realm used to have the same denomination, one can exclude wide areas from the search.

Once you have found a mention of someone who bore the same name as your emigrant ancestor, the next step will be the identification of this man with the emigrant. This may be done in several ways:

If such an identification does not work, the application of the following steps is recommended:

Although it is teasing to connect the ancestry to a European family, one ought still be careful about a positive identification.

Several case studies are found in a previous article of the lecturer (52).

FOOTNOTES

1. Günter Franz: Geschichte des deutschen Bauernstandes vom frühen frühen Mittelalter bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, Deutsche Agrargeschichte no. 4 (Stuttgart: Ulmer, 1970), pp. 198-210 (with a bibliography.)

Hans Fenske, 'Die deutsche Auswanderung' Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins der Pfalz 76 (1978) 183-221.

Idam, International Migration: Germany in the Eighteenth Century. Central European History 13 no. 4 (Dec., 1980) 332-347.

2. Genealogical societies in Germany annually receive several hundred inquiries from people seeking the origins of eighteenth-century emigrants.

3. Compilations of books and articles about emigrants to America can be found in:

a) Clifford Neal Smith and Anna Piszczan-Czaja Smith, Encyclopedia of German-American Genealogical Research (New York & London: Bowker, 1976).

b) Olga K. Miller, Migration, Emigration, Immigration, 2nd ed. (Logan (Utah): Everton, 1974), pp. 196-204: 'Germany' (incomplete, titles often translated into English).

c) Annette K. Burgert, 'Palatine Origins. A bibliography of Source Material Containing Points of Origin of German, Swiss and Huguenot Immigrants', PI 2 (1) (Winter, 1977), pp. 1-7 (containing only English publications and English versions of German publications).

d) Arlene H. Eakle, 'Emigrant Sources for Tracing Pennsylvania German Ancestors', APG Newsletter 3 (5) (1981), pp. 8-13 (practically identical with c), similarly includes only English publications).

e) Gertrud Kuhn, USA-Deutschland-Baden und Württemberg. Eine Auswahl von Titeln zur Auswanderung und zur Geschichte der Deutsch-Amerikaner vor allem aus Baden und Württemberg, von den Anfängen bis zum Ende des zweiten Weltkrieges, Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Reihe Dokumentation, no. 7 (Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen, 1976) (contains references to articles in local histories, newspapers and journals.)

Most of the titles mentioned in these four compilations (a-d) are included in a single general index (see note 29 below).

4. a) Adolf Gerber, Beiträge zur Auswanderung nach Amerika im 18. Jahrhundert aus altwürttembergischen Kirchenbüchern (Stuttgart: Steinkopf, 1928).

b) Idem, Neue Beiträge zur Auswanderung nach Amerika im 18. Jahrhundert aus altwürttembergischen Kirchenbüchern unter Hinzuziehung anderer Quellen (Stuttgart: Steinkopf, 1928).

The contents of these contributions were repeated in the following book:

c) Don Yoder (ed.), Pennsylvania German Immigrants 1709-1786. (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1980).

In addition, Gerber published a largely unknown compilation on early emigrants from the County of Nassau-Dillenburg:

d) Idem, Die Nassau-Dillenburger Auswanderung nach Amerika im 18. Jahrhundert. (Flensburg: Flensburger Nachrichten, 1930).

This book is now superseded by the following:

e) Annette K. Burgert, Henry Z. Jones, Westerwald to America. (Camden, Maine: Picton Press, 1989).

5. Otto Langguth, 'Auswanderer aus der Grafschaft Wertheim', Familiengeschichtliche Blätter 30 (1932) no. 3, 4/5; Idem, Einwanderer in Stadt und Grafschaft Wertheim, ibidem 32 (1934) no. 10ff. (both articles were also available as offprints with a consistent pagination).

The contents of the article on emigrants were repeated in Yoder's book (see footnote 4 c).

6. Max Miller, Die Auswanderung der Württemberger nach Westpreußen und dem Netzegau 1776-1786, Veröffentlichungen der württembergischen Archivverwaltung, no. 1 (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 1935); reprint ed. ed. Sonderschriften des Vereins für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreußen, no. 22 (Hamburg: Verein für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreußen, 1977) (NL).

7. Hermann Roemer, 'Die Auswanderung der Württemberger nach Galizien 1782-1785 und 1803-1805', JbDAI 5 (1940), pp. 133-173 (with a list of 1912 names).

8. a) Werner Hacker, Auswanderungen aus dem früheren Hochstift Speyer nach Südosteuropa und Übersee im XVIII. Jahrhundert, WgPf. no. 28 (Kaiserslautern: Heimatstelle Pfalz, 1969).

b) Idem, Auswanderungen aus Baden und dem Breisgau. Obere und mittlere rechtsseitige Oberrheinlande im 18. Jhdt. archivalisch dokumentiert (Stuttgart & Aalen: Theiss, 1980).

c) Idem, Auswanderungen aus dem südöstlichen Schwarzwald zwischen Hochrhein, Baar und Kinzig. BSHK no. 29 (München: Oldenbourg 1975).

d) Idem, Auswanderungen vom Oberen Neckar nach Südosteuropa, BSHK no. 23 (München: Oldenbourg, 1970).

e) Idem, Auswanderungen aus dem nördlichen Bodenseeraum im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert -archivalisch dokumentiert-, Hegau-Bibliothek no.29 (Singen: Hegau-Geschichtsverein, 1975).

f) Idem, 'Auswanderungen aus dem Raum der späteren Hohenzollerischen Lande nach Südosteuropa im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert', Zeitschrift für Hohenzollerische Geschichte 5 (1969), pp. 45-230.

g) Idem, Auswanderungen aus Oberschwaben (Stuttgart & Aalen: Theiss, 1977).

h) Idem, 'Auswanderer aus dem Territorium der Reichstadt Ulm, vor allem im ausgehenden 17. und 18. Jahrhundert', Ulm und Oberschwaben 42/43 (1978), pp. 161-257.

i) Idem, Auswanderungen aus Baden und dem Breisgau. (Stuttgart & Aalen: Theiss 1980).

j) Idem, Kurpfälzische Auswanderer vom Unteren Neckar. (Stuttgart & Aalen: Theiss, 1983).

k) Idem, Auswanderungen aus Rheinpfalz und Saarland im 18. Jahrhundert. (Stuttgart: Theiss 1987).

All of these (a-h) contain name-lists and exhaustive bibliographies.

9. Erich Weise, Die Schwabensiedlungen im Posener Kammerdepartement 1794-1804, Marburger Ostforschungen vol. 13 (Würzburg: Holzner, 1961). (NL).

10. a) Johannes Hack, 'Fuldaer Landesuntertanen wandern nach Ungarn', Neue Heimatblätter 3 (Budapest, 1938), pp. 112-116. (NL).

b) Alfons Pfrenzinger, Die Mainfränkische Auswanderung nach Ungarn Ungarn und den österreichischen Erbländern im 18. Jahrhundert, Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Forschungen in Ungarn (Wien & Budapest: Deutsche Forschungen in Ungarn, 1941). (NL).

11. Richard Dertsch, Abwanderungen aus der Pflege Oberdorf 1576-1802 Alte Allgäuer Geschlechter no. 21 (Kempten: Oechelhäuser, 1940). (NL).

Joseph Demleitner, 'Abwanderungen aus dem ehemaligen Klostergericht Benediktbeuren im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert', Blätter des Bayerischen Landesvereins für Familienkunde 1 (1924), pp. 36-43. (NL).

Alfred Weitnauer, Einwanderungen und Auswanderungen im Gebiet des ehemaligen Pflegeamts Rettenberg, Alte Allgäuer Geschlechter no. 8 (Kempten: Oechelhäuser, 1939). (NL).

12. Peter Brommer, Karl Heinz Debus and Hans-Walter Herrmann, Inventar der Quellen zur Geschichte der Auswanderung 1500-1914 in den staatlichen Archiven von Rheinlan-Pfalz und dem Saarland, Veröffentlichungen der Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz vol. 27, WgPf. no 35 (Koblenz: Selbstverlag der Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, 1976).

13. The address of this organization is Institut für pfälzische Landes- und Volkskunde, Benzinoring 6, W-6750 Kaiserslautern, Germany.

14. Stefan Stader, Auswanderer nach Südosteuropa im 18. Jh. nach der Zentralkartei der Heimatstelle Pfalz, Schriftenreihe zur donauschwäbischen Herkunftsforschung no. 1, WgPf. no. 36 (Darmstadt: Arbeitskreis donauschwäbischer Familienforscher, 1978). (NL).

15. Karl Waldner, Wanderungen aus dem Raum des heutigen Saarlandes in das Banat im 18. Jahrhundert, Schriftenreihe des Donaudeutschen Kulturwerkes Saarland, no. 5 (Homburg/Saar, 1977). (NL).

16. a) Johannes Schmidt, 'Hessische Auswanderer nach den Komitaten Tolnau, Baranya, Somogy im 18. Jahrhundert', Mitteilungen der Hessischen Familiengeschichtlichen Vereinigung 3 (1934), pp. 303-316.

b) Idem, Német telepesek bevándorlása Hesszenböl Tolna-Baranya-Somogyba a XVIII szásad elsö felében (Györ: Baross-Ny, 1939). (Contains names of emigrants from documents in the Darmstadt state archives which were burnt in 1944, see Franz Kniesel in DFF 6 (1980), pp. 2-9).

c) Ernst Wagner, 'Auswanderer aus dem Großherzogtum Hessen nach Ungarn', Hessische Familienkunde 5 (1960/61) pp. 265-276 and 333-338 (673 entries from various sources).

d) Franz Philipp, 'Auswanderungen aus der Grafschaft Hanau-Münzenberg nach Ungarn und Galizien' Hessische Familienkunde 6 (1962/63) pp. 349-362 (274 entries).

e) Karl Herbeck, 'Beitrag zur Erfassung von Personen, die im 18. Jahrhundert aus hessischen Gebieten nach Ungarn und in das Banat auswanderten', DFF 3 (1977) pp. 51-59. (251 names).

f) Anton Reimann (comp.), Ausanderungen aus Hessischen Territorien nach Südosteuropa im 18. und 19. Jh. Schriften zur donauschwäbischen Herkunftsforschung 13, Forschungen zur Hessischen Familien- und Heimatkunde 62 (Darmstadt: Arbeitskreis Donauschwäbischer Familienforscher, 1986).

17. a) Rolf Farnsteiner, 'Auswanderer aus Hessen-Darmstadt nach Ostpreußen 1724-1724', APG 3 (1955), pp. 29-40. (NL).

b) Franz Philip, 'Auswanderer aus Hessen-Kassel nach Ostpreußen in den Jahren 1724 und 1725', APG 10 (1962) pp. 119-167 (NL, bibliographical references).

c) Idem, 'Auswanderer aus Hessen-Darmstadt nach Ostpreußen 1724-1727', APG 11 (1963), p. 168. (Supplement to a)).

d) Idem, 'Auswanderungen aus der Grafschaft Hanau-Münzberg nach Ostpreußen und anderen preußischen Gebietsteilen im 18. Jahrhundert', APG 11 (1963), pp. 187-212. (NL, bibliographical references).

e) Heinrich Hain, 'Auswanderung aus Nassau-Dillenburg nach Ostpreußen 1721-1726', APG 11 (1963), pp. 171-177. (NL).

f) Friedrich Stahl, Nassausche Bauern und andere deutsche Siedler in Ostpreußen, Einzelschriften des Vereins für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreußen, no. 1 (Königsberg: Verein für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreußen, 1936); reprint ed. Sonderschriften des Vereins für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreußen, no. 5 (Hamburg: Verein für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreußen, 1965) (NL).

18. a) Clifford Neal Smith, Emigrants from the Principality of Hessen-Hanau, Germany, 1741-1767, German-American Genealogical Research Monograph no. 6 (McNeal (Ariz.): Westland Publications, 1979).

b) Inge Auerbach (ed.), Hessische Auswanderer (HESAUS) Index nach Familiennamen, Bd. I Auswanderer aus Hanau im 18. Jahrhundert Veröffentlichungen der Archivschule Marburg 12. (Marburg: Archivschule, 1987).

c) Ella Gieg, Auswanderungen aus dem Odenwaldkreis. 3 vols. (Lützelbach: privately published by the author, 1988, 1989, and 1992) (and continued).

19. a) Henry Z. Jones, Jr., The Palatine Families of New York 1710. 2 vols. (Universal City, CA: privately published by the author, 1985)(NL).

b) Idem, More Palatine Families. (Universal City, CA: Privately published by the author, 1991) (includes families of New York and New Jersey which arrived between 1717 and 1776, additional data on the families listed in the preceding volume, the names of emigrants from the principality of Sayn-Hachenburg and from many other German areas)(NL).

c) Annette K. Burgert, Eighteenth Century Emigrants Volume 1 The Northern Kraichgau. Publications of the Pennsylvania German Society vol. 16 (Breinigsville, PA: The Pennsylvania German Society, 1983) (NL).

d) Idem, Eighteenth Century Emigrants Volume 2 The Western Palatinate. Publications of the Pennsylvania German Society vol. 19 (Birdsboro, PA: The Pennsylvania German Society, 1985)(NL).

20. Karl Stumpp, 'Die Lübecker Traulisten', JbDAI 4 (1939), pp. 111-116 (marriages of transmigrants 1764/65, frequently with no place of origin noted).

21. Werner Hacker, 'Südwestdeutsche Auswanderer nach Ungarn als Durchwanderer in den Kirchenbüchern von Ulm und Günzburg im 18.Jahrhundert', Südostdeutsches Archiv 12 (1969), pp. 118-199. (2160 emigrants from 1689 to 1803. See also the supplement to this article in Ibib. 14 (1971), pp. 264-265).

22. See note 21 above.

23. a) Günter Junkers, 'Ungarnwanderer ziehen durch Donauwörth', DFF 3 (1977), pp. 29-32. (9 entries, bibliographicl references).

b) Anton Tafferner, 'Ungarnwanderer in den Donauwörther Matrikeln' DFF 4 (1978), pp. 2-13. (118 individuals).

24. Hans von Bourcy, '242 Trauungen deutscher Ostwanderer auf ihrer Durchreise in Wien 1782-1802', Adler vl. 14 (1944), pp. 90-128.

25. Gerhard Nebinger, 'Bayerische und schwäbische Einträge in den Ehematrikeln 1725-1729 der Dompfarrei St. Martin Preßburg', Blätter des Bayerischen Landesvereins für Familienkunde 22 (1959), pp. 212-215.

26. John P. Dern, London Churchbooks and the German Emigration of 1709. Die deutsche Auswanderung von 1709 in den Londoner Kirchenbüchern. Bilingual edition, WgPf. no. 26 (Ann Arbor: Edwards, 1968) (NL).

27. a) Walter Allen Knittle, Early Century Palatinate Emigration (Philadelphia, 1937; repint ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1965, 1970). (NL).

b) Lou D. Mac Wethy, The Book of Names, Especially Relating to the Early Palatines and the Settlers in the Mohawk Valley (ST. Johnsville (NY), 1933; reprint ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1969). (NL).

28. Israel Daniel Rupp, A collection of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French, Portuguese and other Immigrants to Pennsylvania Chronologically Arranged from 1727 to 1776 (Philadelphia 1856, 1876, 1880, 1927).

A bilingual edition appeared under the German title, Chronologisch geordnete Sammlung von mehr als 30.000 Namen von Einwanderern in Pennsylvanien aus Deutschland, der Schweiz, Holland, Frankreich, u.a. St. von 1727 bis 1776 (Leipzig: Degener/Spohr, 1931). (Reprint of the edition Philadelphia: Kohler, 1880, with and index of names by Friedrich Wecken).

A considerably improved edition of the same lists and the additional lists up to 1808 appeared in 1934: Ralph Beaver Strassburger and William John Hinke, Pennsylvania German Pioneers, A publication of the Original List of Arrivals in the Port of Philadelphia From 1727 to 1808, 3 vols., (volume 2 containing a facsimile of the original lists 1727-1775) (Norristown (Penn.): Pensylvania German Society, 1934, reprint ed. (without vo. 2) Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1966, 1975).

See also Annette K. Burgert, 'Who came before 1727?', Der Reggebogge 14 (1980), pp. 13-15 (for emigrants who arrived before the Philadelphia passenger lists start).

29. P. William Filby and Mary K. Meyer, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index 3 vols. (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1981).

30. Franz Wilhelm and Josef Kallbrunner, Quellen zur Deutschen Siedlungsgeschichte in Südosteurope, Schriften der Deutschen Akademie, no. 11 (München: Reinhardt, 1932-1936; reprint Berlin: Helmut Scherer, 1989)

31. Werner Hacker, 'Bemerkungen zu den ungarischen und galizischen Einwanderungslisten (den "Quellen zur deutschen Siedlungsgeschichte in Südosteuropa")', Der Donauschwabe (1975) no. 13-21, in each issue p. 2.

32. a) Josef Kallbrunner, 'Quellen zur Auswanderungsforschung in den Wiener Archiven', JdDAI 5 (1940), pp. 285-290.

b) Franz Klein, 'Das Wiener Hofkammerarchiv als unerschöpfliche Quelle Donauschwäbischer Ansiedlungsdokumentation', DDF 7 (1981), pp. 67-70.

c) Franz Stanglica, 'Wiener Kartei der deutschen Auswanderer nach dem Südosten', JbDAI 33 (1938) pp. 54ff. (References to a card index with at that time 80,000 cards for the years 1983-1820).

33. Karl Stumpp, Die Auswanderung aus Deutschland nach Rußland in den Jahren 1763 bis 1862 (Tübingen: Privately published by the author, 1974). (Exceedingly voluminous lists of names).

34. Stefan Stader, 'Arbeitsgruppe "Donauschwäbische Gesamtkartei"', DFF 7 (1981), pp. 11f.

35. Terrence M. Punch, '"Foreign Protestants" in Nova Scotia, 1750-1752' PI 7 (1981)

36. a) H(einz) F. Friederichs, 'Pfälzer-Palatines. 200 Jahre USA - 300 Jahre pfälzische Auswanderung nach Nordamerika', Genealogie 25 (1976), pp. 29 f.

b) Fritz Braun, 'Auswanderer aus der Umgebung von Ludwigshafen a. Rh. auf dem Schiff "Thistle of Glasgow"' 1730, WgPf. no. 8 (Kaiserslautern: Heimatstelle Pfalz, 1959).

37. A survey of census-listings in south Germany and Austria has been carried out by the Staatsarchiv Nürnberg. The results (Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Handakt V/1671, Produkt 46) include some of the sources indicated below. This information is derived from Puchner, see note 49 below, pp. 222f.

38. 1765: GLAK 74/538ff., and elsewhere; Sponheim: ibid. 75/93 and 75/87.

39. a) Hermann Jacob, Einwohnerbuch der Markgrafschaft Baden-Durlach 1709 (Schopfheim, 1935). (Complete list of subjects of this territory, indexed).

b) 1738: GLAK 108/1106; 115/395; 148/289; 168/316; 120/900; 180/232; 1765: GLAK 74/5036-5042 and in the record groups for the individual districts.

40. References in Hans Roth and Heinz W. Schlaich, Bayerische Heimatkunde. Ein Wegweiser. (München: Süddeutscher Verlag, 1974) (Espec. pp. 45-62 'Archive in Bayern', pp. 63-77 'Zur Archivbenutzung').

41. In the Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Brandenburger Literalien. vols. 592 (1603), 593 (1625), 594 (1668), 595 (1673), 596 (1686), 597 (1695), 599 (1703), 598 (1719-25), 600-603 (1725), 605-608, 627, 636 (1729).

In this connection, see Karin Plodeck, 'Hofstruktur und Hofzeremoniell in Brandenburg-Ansbach vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert', Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für Mittelfranken 86 (1971/72), pp. 1-260 (esp. pp. 175-188: 'Die Erb- und Landeshuldigung').

42. Staatsarchiv Darmstadt E 9 Konv. 20 Fasc. 1-7; Konv. 22 Fasc. 1-4.

43. Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg B 113 Büschel 649-654a and 1771-1773b.

44. GLAK 79/1534 for the Austrian possessions in the Breisgau and the Black Forest.

45. a) Palatinate east of the Rhine: 1688-90: GLAK 131/114; 132/190; 77/4146; 166/123; 1716-17: GLAK 145/292; 166/121; 1744-50: 145/294; 166/126; 131/117.

b) Palatinate west of the Rhine: Rolf Kilian and Franz Neuner, Untertanenverzeichnisse des Kurpfälzischen Oberamtes Alzey von 1698, BgPf. no. 1, 2nd. ext. ed. (Ludwigshafen: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für pfälzische Familien- und Wappenkunde, 1967) (NL).

Rolf Kilian and Franz Neuner, Untertanenverzeichnisse des kurpfälzischen Oberamtes Alzey von 1698, 2. Auflage, Gesamtregister, ed. by Rolf Kilian (Ludwigshafen: same publisher, 1979)(index of names and places to the former title).

Rolf Kilian, 'Mannbuch des Oberamtes Simmern 1698', Pfälzisch-Rheinische Familienkunde 31 (1982), pp. 1-11 (and continued). (NL).

Tax registers for the Palatine Electorate for 1721: Landesarchiv Speyer Bestand F 3 (approximately half of these books were destroyed in the Second World War).

For references to further population lists see Theresia Zimmer, 'Familiengeschichtliche Quellen im Landeshauptachiv Koblenz', Genealogie 26 (1977) pp. 657-664. (Esp. p. 662).

46. HStAS B 573 Büschel 8a and b.

47. a) HStAS A 213 Büschel 4761-4778 (1674/78); 4779-4790 (1734/36); 4793-4863 (1744).

b) On these council minutes (Oberratsprotokolle) see Karl Otto Müller, 'Eine Hauptquelle württembergischer Familienforschung', Kultur und Leben 3 (1926) pp. 80ff.

On sources for emigration in general, see Max Miller, 'Quellen zur Geschichte des Auslandsdeutschtums im württembergischen Staatsarchiv', JbDAI 1 (1936), pp. 152.f

48. a) Günter F. Anthes, August Brauner, Karl Schaaff, and Erwin Friedrich Schmidt, Pfälzische Untertanen- Huldigungs- und Musterungslisten aus den Jahren 1587-1609-1612-1624-1731-1776. BgPf. no. 9 (Ludwigshafen: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pfälzisch-Rheinische Familienkunde, 1981). (NL).

b) Karl Schaaff, Untertanenlisten des Herzogtums Pfalz-Zweibrücken aus den Huldigungsprotokollen des Jahres 1776. BgPf. no. 6 (Ludwigshafen: same publisher, 1977). (NL).

c) Rolf Kilian, Schatzungsregister des kurpfälzischen Oberamtes Stromberg 1683 und 1722. BgPf. no. 11. (Ludwigshafen: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pfälzisch-Rheinische Familienkunde, 1984)(NL).

d) August N. Ernst, Untertanen-Liste 1742 Oberamt Zweibrücken.

(Zweibrücken: Zweibrücker Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Familienforschung, 1986).

e) Walter Bohrer, Die erste Kirchenvisitation nach dem 30-j. Krieg im Amt Zweibrücken von 1663. (Zweibrücken: privately published by the author, 1980).

f) Hermann Mast et alii, Palatine Mennonite Census Lists 1664-1793. (Elverson, PA: Mennonite Family History, 1987).

49. Otto Puchner, 'Seelenbeschreibungen im Hochstift Eichstätt aus den Jahren 1741 und 1742 als bevölkerungsgeschichtliche Quellen', in Horst Heldenmann (ed.), Archive und Geschichtsforschung. Fridolin Solleder zum 80. Geburtstag. (Neustadt/Aisch: Schmidt 1966), pp. 222-251. (References to lists).

50. Siegfried Wenisch, 'Genealogische Quellen im Staatsarchiv Würzburg' Genealogie 30 (1981) pp. 529-541, esp. p. 536.

51. Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg, record group B 186.

52. Friedrich R. Wollmershäuser, 'Süddeutsche Auswandererforschung im 18. Jahrhundert', Genealogisches Jahrbuch 23 (1983) 193-216.

ABBREVIATIONS

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